Освоение китайского языка дунганскими наследными учащимися в многоязычной Центральной Азии
Юнь Лай*Дунганские учащиеся в Центральной Азии представляют собой особую группу в процессе освоения китайского языка, поскольку их языковой опыт сочетает исторические связи с китайскими диалектами, грамотность на основе кириллицы и длительный многоязычный контакт. Будучи потомками хуэйских мигрантов из северо-западного Китая, многие из них устно частично знакомы с китайскими языковыми формами, однако не имеют непрерывной традиции владения китайской иероглифической письменностью. Целью данного обзора являлось обобщение исследований, посвящённых освоению китайского языка дунганскими учащимися, и определение их значения для изучения наследных языков и преподавания китайского языка в Центральной Азии. В исследовании применялся тематический обзор библиографических источников, посвящённых дунганскому языку, освоению китайского языка, преподаванию китайского языка в Центральной Азии и изучению наследных языков. Результаты показали асимметрию между относительной устной знакомостью с китайским языком и сохраняющимися трудностями в освоении письменности. Наиболее устойчивыми проблемными областями оказались восприятие и воспроизведение тонов, написание китайских иероглифов, порядок слов и конструкция ba, а также владение различными речевыми регистрами. Освоению фонетики и лексики частично способствовала преемственность между дунганским языком и разновидностями китайского языка северо-западного Китая, тогда как изучение иероглифов, письменная речь и владение речевыми регистрами были затруднены различиями в письменных системах и языковым контактом с русским и тюркскими языками. В социокультурном аспекте изучение китайского языка связано с формированием и переосмыслением идентичности на стыке Центральной Азии и Китая, что влияет на мотивацию учащихся, их участие в учебном процессе и межкультурную адаптацию. Существующие исследования ограничены небольшими выборками, узкой географией исследований, а также недостатком лонгитюдных, корпусных и экспериментальных работ. Полученные результаты показывают, что преподавание китайского языка дунганским учащимся должно быть дифференцированным, учитывать особенности письменности и многоязычной среды и быть культурно ориентированным. Оно должно сочетать сопоставительное обучение произношению, поэлементное обучение иероглифам, преподавание грамматики с опорой на корпусные данные и педагогические практики, поддерживающие идентичность учащихся. Практическая значимость обзора заключается в содействии развитию преподавания китайского языка с учётом языкового наследия в многоязычной Центральной Азии
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